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362 BC-321 BC), comprising, according to Greek writers, at least 20,000 cavalry, 200,000 infantry, and 3,000 war elephants, and beyond, the Gangaridai empire corresponding to what is today West Bengal and parts of Bangladesh.Īlexander had by this time travelled some 1,000 miles from Macedonia, conquering seven nations and, it is said, more than 2,000 cities. His aborted Indian campaign notwithstanding, Alexander is believed to have died undefeated in any battle - seemingly fulfilling the prophecies of the oracles that he would conquer the entire world.Īt the time Alexander turned back from the threshold of India, his army was tired and homesick, they had wearied of fighting in the heavy Indian monsoon, and it is possible they were intimidated by stories of two great armies that lay in wait for them ahead - that of the Nandas of Magadha (c. He reached Susa in Persia in 324 BC, and in the following year, died in the ancient city of Babylon, to the south of today’s Baghdad. In the battle of Hydaspes that followed, Alexander won, but following his famous interview with Porus - during which the wounded king is said to have demanded that the invading emperor treat him “as befits a king” - was impressed enough to return to the captive Porus his kingdom, and to leave him in charge of Punjab when the Greek army ultimately retreated.Īfter the defeat of Porus, Alexander wished to march on into the heartland of the Gangetic basin - but upon reaching the Beas, the last of the five rivers of Punjab, his generals refused to go further.Īlexander was forced to turn back, and he followed the Indus southward to its delta, where he sent part of his army to Mesopotamia by sea, while leading the other part overland along the Makran coast. The king of Taxila surrendered to Alexander, but beyond the Jhelum he was challenged by the legendary warrior whom Greek sources have identified as Porus. In 327 BC, Alexander crossed the Indus, the farthest frontier of the old Persian empire, and began his Indian campaign that lasted about two years. In 330 BC, he defeated Darius III in the decisive battle of Gaugamela, and after a long campaign in Bactria in the region of the Amu Darya north of today’s Afghanistan, he crossed the Hindu Kush and entered the Kabul valley. Over the next 10 years, Alexander led campaigns across large parts of West Asia and North Africa. Alexander’s Indian campaignĪlexander was born in 356 BC at Pella in ancient Greece, and succeeded his father, king Phillip II, to the throne at the age of 20. Trade and agriculture were reformed and regulated with the building of infrastructure and standardisation of weights and measures, and provisions were made for a large standing army.Ĭhandragupta’s political mentor and chief adviser was Chanakya, also known as Kautilya and Vishnugupta, to whom is attributed the legendary Arthashastra, the pioneering Indian treatise on political science, statecraft, military strategy, and economy.
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With Pataliputra at its imperial centre, the Mauryan Empire for the first time unified most of South Asia.Ĭhandragupta laid the foundations of an extensive and efficient system of centralised administration and tax-collection that formed the bases of his empire.
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He was the architect of an empire that controlled the plains of both the Indus and the Ganga, and which stretched until the eastern and western oceans. …And that of ChandraguptaĬhandragupta Maurya’s own achievements too, were very significant. The Chola emperors Rajaraja I (985-1014) and Rajendra I (1014-1044) built formidable navies that conquered the Maldives, and reached Sri Lanka and several countries of Southeast Asia across the Bay of Bengal. Subsequently, Ghenghis Khan (1162-1227) stamped his authority over a bigger swathe of Asia and Europe, and other conquerors such as Tamerlane, Atilla the Hun, and Charlemagne, as well as Ashoka, Akbar, and Aurangzeb built their own very large empires. He had established, before he turned 30 years of age, the largest empire the world had seen until then, which stretched across modern western and central Asia all the way from Greece to India’s northwestern frontier. Click here for more The ‘greatness’ of Alexander…Īlexander came to be called ‘great’ because of his stupendous military conquests which dazzled European writers and chroniclers of the ancient world.